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sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-180-20301Ubiquity Press15978-91-7635-180-20610.16993/bbu01internal-reference85DGE20100201RUA Series ID4022002-46064401Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbu1B01Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng29223User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP01010302<p>At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. </p><p>Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). </p><p>The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm &amp; Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). </p><p>In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). </p><p>Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. </p>0202<p>The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.</p><p>Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. </p>04Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions46http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/47Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)040901https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.pngStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm04202203291315978-91-7635-181-91315978-91-7635-182-60615978-91-7635-183-3sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-181-90301Ubiquity Press15978-91-7635-181-90610.16993/bbu01internal-reference85DGE20102901RUA Series ID4022002-46064401Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbu1B01Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng29223User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP01010302<p>At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. </p><p>Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). </p><p>The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm &amp; Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). </p><p>In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). </p><p>Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. </p>0202<p>The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.</p><p>Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. </p>04Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions46http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/47Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)040901https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.pngStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm04202203291315978-91-7635-180-21315978-91-7635-182-60615978-91-7635-183-3sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-182-60301Ubiquity Press15978-91-7635-182-60610.16993/bbu01internal-reference85DGE20102201RUA Series ID4022002-46064401Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbu1B01Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng29223User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP01010302<p>At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. </p><p>Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). </p><p>The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm &amp; Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). </p><p>In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). </p><p>Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. </p>0202<p>The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.</p><p>Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. </p>04Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions46http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/47Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)040901https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.pngStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm04202203291315978-91-7635-180-21315978-91-7635-181-90615978-91-7635-183-3sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-183-30301Ubiquity Press15978-91-7635-183-30610.16993/bbu01internal-reference85BCB20201RUA Series ID4022002-46064401Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbu1B01Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng29223User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP01010302<p>At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. </p><p>Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). </p><p>The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm &amp; Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). </p><p>In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). </p><p>Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. </p>0202<p>The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.</p><p>Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. </p>04Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions46http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/47Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)040901https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.pngStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm0420220329025.5in030.61in080.7495716908lb018.5in1315978-91-7635-180-21315978-91-7635-181-91315978-91-7635-182-6