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sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-180-2030115978-91-7635-180-20610.16993/bbu01internal-reference8500EBE10710Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/1001RUA Series ID4022002-460603440102Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion0101Religions around the ArcticSource Criticism and Comparisons1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng002920323User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP010110300At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 20200The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. 30400Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions43000At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.png1030610.16993/bbu.aCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng12000Open Access2030610.16993/bbu.bCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Place Names and Hostages1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedHistory23User DefinedArchaeology23User DefinedPhilology23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedReligious Studies12Finland12Sweden12place names12Estonia12Ireland12the Middle Ages12the Viking Age12000Open Access3030610.16993/bbu.cCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined Old Norse Studies23User Defined Sami History23User Defined Scandinavian History12indigenous religions12 Old Norse literature12 Old Norse religion12 Sami religion12 Sápmi12000Open Access4030610.16993/bbu.dCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology of Religions23User Defined Cultural Anthropology23User Defined Folklore Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Study of Religions12Birth of the Bear incantations and songs12 Finno-Karelian bear ceremonialism12 incantations to protect the cattle12 Ob-Ugrian bear ceremonialism12 ontology and human-animal ritual relations12000Open Access5030610.16993/bbu.eCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedCultural Studies23User Defined Geographical Studies12agency12 drum12 goavddis12 Hillsá12 local religious situation12000Open Access6030610.16993/bbu.fCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Scandinavian Studies23User Defined Theology12Anders Poulsen12 Finnmark12 Sami drum12 shaman12 witchcraft trials12000Open Access7030610.16993/bbu.gCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined History23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Saami Studies12historiography12 intertextuality12 Saami indigenous religion12 source criticism12000Open Access8030610.16993/bbu.hCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined Study of Religions23User Defined Ethnology23User Defined Native American Studies12bear ritual12 ecology of religion12 Native North America12 sweat bath12 transition rite12000Open Access9030610.16993/bbu.iCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Siberian Studies12earth mother12 Samoyedic peoples12 Soviet ethnography12 technical terms12 Tylorian definition of religion12000Open Access10030610.16993/bbu.jCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Critical Studies12religion-making12 research history12 Sakha people12 Sakha religion12 source criticism12000Open Access01URLhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.seStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm040120220329The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-91-7635-181-90615978-91-7635-182-60615978-91-7635-183-3WORLD11Unknown36Supplier’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se29Supplier’s website: download the titlehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/85/files/3d33e353-9731-4845-95d7-d59f8b2a2a75.pdf20082022032901sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-181-9030115978-91-7635-181-90610.16993/bbu01internal-reference8500EBE10110Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/1001RUA Series ID4022002-460603440102Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion0101Religions around the ArcticSource Criticism and Comparisons1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng002920323User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP010110300At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 20200The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. 30400Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions43000At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.png1030610.16993/bbu.aCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng12000Open Access2030610.16993/bbu.bCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Place Names and Hostages1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedHistory23User DefinedArchaeology23User DefinedPhilology23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedReligious Studies12Finland12Sweden12place names12Estonia12Ireland12the Middle Ages12the Viking Age12000Open Access3030610.16993/bbu.cCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined Old Norse Studies23User Defined Sami History23User Defined Scandinavian History12indigenous religions12 Old Norse literature12 Old Norse religion12 Sami religion12 Sápmi12000Open Access4030610.16993/bbu.dCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology of Religions23User Defined Cultural Anthropology23User Defined Folklore Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Study of Religions12Birth of the Bear incantations and songs12 Finno-Karelian bear ceremonialism12 incantations to protect the cattle12 Ob-Ugrian bear ceremonialism12 ontology and human-animal ritual relations12000Open Access5030610.16993/bbu.eCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedCultural Studies23User Defined Geographical Studies12agency12 drum12 goavddis12 Hillsá12 local religious situation12000Open Access6030610.16993/bbu.fCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Scandinavian Studies23User Defined Theology12Anders Poulsen12 Finnmark12 Sami drum12 shaman12 witchcraft trials12000Open Access7030610.16993/bbu.gCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined History23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Saami Studies12historiography12 intertextuality12 Saami indigenous religion12 source criticism12000Open Access8030610.16993/bbu.hCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined Study of Religions23User Defined Ethnology23User Defined Native American Studies12bear ritual12 ecology of religion12 Native North America12 sweat bath12 transition rite12000Open Access9030610.16993/bbu.iCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Siberian Studies12earth mother12 Samoyedic peoples12 Soviet ethnography12 technical terms12 Tylorian definition of religion12000Open Access10030610.16993/bbu.jCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Critical Studies12religion-making12 research history12 Sakha people12 Sakha religion12 source criticism12000Open Access01URLhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.seStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm040120220329The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-91-7635-180-20615978-91-7635-182-60615978-91-7635-183-3WORLD11Unknown36Supplier’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se29Supplier’s website: download the titlehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/85/files/21b40eb7-511c-42f5-8af5-898f3ee1b9fc.epub20082022032901sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-182-6030115978-91-7635-182-60610.16993/bbu01internal-reference8500EDE12110Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/1001RUA Series ID4022002-460603440102Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion0101Religions around the ArcticSource Criticism and Comparisons1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng002920323User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP010110300At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 20200The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. 30400Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions43000At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.png1030610.16993/bbu.aCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng12000Open Access2030610.16993/bbu.bCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Place Names and Hostages1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedHistory23User DefinedArchaeology23User DefinedPhilology23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedReligious Studies12Finland12Sweden12place names12Estonia12Ireland12the Middle Ages12the Viking Age12000Open Access3030610.16993/bbu.cCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined Old Norse Studies23User Defined Sami History23User Defined Scandinavian History12indigenous religions12 Old Norse literature12 Old Norse religion12 Sami religion12 Sápmi12000Open Access4030610.16993/bbu.dCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology of Religions23User Defined Cultural Anthropology23User Defined Folklore Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Study of Religions12Birth of the Bear incantations and songs12 Finno-Karelian bear ceremonialism12 incantations to protect the cattle12 Ob-Ugrian bear ceremonialism12 ontology and human-animal ritual relations12000Open Access5030610.16993/bbu.eCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedCultural Studies23User Defined Geographical Studies12agency12 drum12 goavddis12 Hillsá12 local religious situation12000Open Access6030610.16993/bbu.fCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Scandinavian Studies23User Defined Theology12Anders Poulsen12 Finnmark12 Sami drum12 shaman12 witchcraft trials12000Open Access7030610.16993/bbu.gCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined History23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Saami Studies12historiography12 intertextuality12 Saami indigenous religion12 source criticism12000Open Access8030610.16993/bbu.hCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined Study of Religions23User Defined Ethnology23User Defined Native American Studies12bear ritual12 ecology of religion12 Native North America12 sweat bath12 transition rite12000Open Access9030610.16993/bbu.iCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Siberian Studies12earth mother12 Samoyedic peoples12 Soviet ethnography12 technical terms12 Tylorian definition of religion12000Open Access10030610.16993/bbu.jCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Critical Studies12religion-making12 research history12 Sakha people12 Sakha religion12 source criticism12000Open Access01URLhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.seStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm040120220329The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-91-7635-180-20615978-91-7635-181-90615978-91-7635-183-3WORLD11Unknown36Supplier’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se29Supplier’s website: download the titlehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/85/files/a84e9b93-2f5a-4a1f-96ca-7ace2639aad0.mobi20082022032901sup-85-e-15-978-91-7635-183-3030115978-91-7635-183-30610.16993/bbu01internal-reference8500BCB20210025.5in030.61in080.7495716908lb018.5inCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/1001RUA Series ID4022002-460603440102Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion0101Religions around the ArcticSource Criticism and Comparisons1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng002920323User DefinedHistory23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedHistory of religions23User DefinedStudy of religions23User DefinedScandinavian studies23User DefinedFolkloristic12research history12Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas12source criticism12comparison as method12indigenous religious traditions10REL01700010HIS04600093QRAC93NHQ931QMP010110300At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 20200The indigenous religious traditions of the peoples of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas were and are very diverse. Despite their diversity, these traditions have often been presented as similar. In resent research, however, variations and local characteristics have gained increasing attention. The emphasis in this volume is exactly on differences and on nuances. Therefore, critical analyses of earlier research, different forms of source criticism, and comparative methods that look for more than just similarities are all applied as essential analytical tools.Some of the chapters focus on aspects of the traditional cultures of these northern peoples, others are critical readings of research about them. The themes of the chapters that deal with traditional practices and narratives vary from hostage traditions to ancestor mountains, from bear rituals and sweat baths to the ritual drum. The research historical chapters discuss source critical and terminological problems, or consider the contributions of scholars in the emergence of what eventually become identified as religions. 30400Introduction Place Names and Hostages Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples ‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions43000At a seminar at the University of Bergen, Norway, in September 2018, scholars from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden presented and discussed various forms of source criticism and comparison with examples from the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of Eurasia and North America. A selection of the papers read at the seminar are published in this volume. Each of the chapters in the first part compares local phenomena from two or more cultural contexts: a Swedish, a Karelian, an Estonian and an Irish place name that include words for hostage (Stefan Olsson), Old Icelandic and Sami ancestor mountains (Eldar Heide), and Finno-Karelian bear incantations and Ob-Ugrian bear songs (Vesa Matteo Piludu). The second part gives examples of different forms of source criticism in the analysis of indigenous Sami religion. The functions of a newly found ritual drum is discussed in relation to contemporary written sources (Dikka Storm & Trude Fonneland), the court proceedings from a witchcraft trial in 1692 is discussed with the help of Gérard Genette’s category ‘voice’ (Liv Helene Willumsen), and a content analysis of an introduction to indigenous Sami religion shows that the editor added text of his own to the original manuscript (Konsta Kaikkonen). In the third part, the area is widened to other parts of the Arctic. Here, a selection of theoretical perspectives is used to illuminate local empirical material. They give examples of how Native North American bear rituals and sweat bath traditions can be analysed with the help of an ecology of religion model and ritual theories, respectively (Riku Hämäläinen), of how Soviet researchers used the concepts of ‘spirits’ and ‘gods’ when they analysed the world view of the Nganasan (Olle Sundström), and of how representatives of academia have been instrumental in the ‘finding, claiming, and authorizing’ of Sakha religions (Liudmila Nikanorova). Although the papers only deal with a few of the peoples living in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, the examples of source critical and comparative problems they discuss are of great general relevance. 52000Open Access01000302https://storage.googleapis.com/rua-sup/files/media/cover_images/3085a088-1cbf-4b4c-b5e8-40e7fe1cd0ff.png1030610.16993/bbu.aCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Introduction1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng12000Open Access2030610.16993/bbu.bCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Place Names and Hostages1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedHistory23User DefinedArchaeology23User DefinedPhilology23User DefinedAnthropology23User DefinedReligious Studies12Finland12Sweden12place names12Estonia12Ireland12the Middle Ages12the Viking Age12000Open Access3030610.16993/bbu.cCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Old Icelandic and Sami Ancestor Mountains: A Comparison1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined Old Norse Studies23User Defined Sami History23User Defined Scandinavian History12indigenous religions12 Old Norse literature12 Old Norse religion12 Sami religion12 Sápmi12000Open Access4030610.16993/bbu.dCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Comparative and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Finno-Karelian and Ob-Ugrian The Birth of the Bear in the Sky Incantations and Songs1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology of Religions23User Defined Cultural Anthropology23User Defined Folklore Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Study of Religions12Birth of the Bear incantations and songs12 Finno-Karelian bear ceremonialism12 incantations to protect the cattle12 Ob-Ugrian bear ceremonialism12 ontology and human-animal ritual relations12000Open Access5030610.16993/bbu.eCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Indigenous Religions in the Sixth Missionary District: The Case of the Hillsá Drum1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined Religious Studies23User DefinedCultural Studies23User Defined Geographical Studies12agency12 drum12 goavddis12 Hillsá12 local religious situation12000Open Access6030610.16993/bbu.fCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Witchcraft Trial against Anders Poulsen, Vadsø 1692: Critical Perspectives1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Scandinavian Studies23User Defined Theology12Anders Poulsen12 Finnmark12 Sami drum12 shaman12 witchcraft trials12000Open Access7030610.16993/bbu.gCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Jacob Fellman’s Introduction to Saami Indigenous Religion: A Source Critical Dilemma1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User Defined History23User DefinedFolkloristics23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Saami Studies12historiography12 intertextuality12 Saami indigenous religion12 source criticism12000Open Access8030610.16993/bbu.hCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101Methods and Theories as Tools in the Study of Northern Religions: Native North American Bear Rituals and Sweat Bath Traditions as Examples1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined Study of Religions23User Defined Ethnology23User Defined Native American Studies12bear ritual12 ecology of religion12 Native North America12 sweat bath12 transition rite12000Open Access9030610.16993/bbu.iCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101‘Spirits’ and ‘Gods’ as Comparative Concepts in Soviet Studies of the Nganasan World View1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History of Religions23User Defined Siberian Studies12earth mother12 Samoyedic peoples12 Soviet ethnography12 technical terms12 Tylorian definition of religion12000Open Access10030610.16993/bbu.jCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY)02http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chapter0101The Role of Academia in Finding, Claiming, and Authorizing Sakha Religions1B01210000-0002-8183-0609Håkan RydvingHåkanRydvingDepartment of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion University of Bergen2B01210000-0001-8650-6317Konsta KaikkonenKonstaKaikkonenDepartment of Pedagogy, Religion, and Social Studies Western Norway University of Applied Sciences01eng23User DefinedAnthropology23User Defined History23User Defined Religious Studies23User Defined Indigenous Studies23User Defined Critical Studies12religion-making12 research history12 Sakha people12 Sakha religion12 source criticism12000Open Access01URLhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.seStockholm University Press01Stockholm University Press01Publisher’s corporate websitehttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se02Publisher’s website for a specified workhttps://www.stockholmuniversitypress.se/books/e/10.16993/bbuStockholm040120220329The Author(s)02WORLD0615978-91-7635-180-20615978-91-7635-181-90615978-91-7635-182-6WORLD11Unknown20082022032908